Inflammatory markers linked to changes in brain pathways
In today’s ever-evolving world of health and well-being, increasing attention is being paid to the close relationship between physical and mental health.
While the physical consequences of obesity have long been the focus of public discussion, research now shows a growing body of evidence linking obesity to mental health conditions, particularly anxiety. But does obesity directly cause anxiety, or is the connection more complex?
The answer, it seems, is multi-layered. The general physician and senior consultant at Sharda Hospital in Noida, Dr Shrey Kumar Srivastav said: “It’s not a simple cause-and-effect issue,” he explained, “but rather a complex interplay between physiological, psychological, and social factors, which together form a powerful feedback loop.” Here’s what he shared:
From a physiological standpoint, obesity is marked by low-grade, chronic inflammation throughout the body. This kind of systemic inflammation is no longer considered only in physical terms—studies suggest it directly affects brain function and the regulation of neurotransmitters. Inflammatory markers have been linked to changes in the brain pathways that govern mood and stress responses, potentially leading to anxiety symptoms.
Moreover, adipose (fat) tissue acts as an active endocrine organ, releasing hormones and signalling molecules. Hormonal imbalances—such as elevated cortisol (the “stress hormone”) and disrupted leptin levels (which help regulate appetite)—are common in individuals with obesity and have been associated with anxiety disorders. Dysregulation of these systems heightens the body’s stress response, making individuals more susceptible to feelings of worry and tension.
Beyond the biological costs, the psychological impact of obesity is significant. Societal expectations and narrow beauty standards often result in poor body image and low self-esteem for those living with obesity. This can lead to social anxiety, fear of judgement, and social withdrawal—fertile ground for generalised anxiety to take root. Constant attention to one’s weight, coupled with perceived or real discrimination, can fuel a cycle of anxiety, self-consciousness, and chronic stress.
Internalised and external weight stigma plays a major role in mental distress. Fat-shaming, negative stereotypes, and biased treatment contribute to feelings of shame, loneliness, and hopelessness—all of which are strongly linked to both anxiety and depression. This ongoing emotional burden can lead to hypervigilance, a defining feature of anxiety.
There are also shared lifestyle factors that contribute to both obesity and anxiety. Individuals with obesity often engage in unhelpful dietary patterns—typically high in processed foods—that negatively impact the gut-brain axis and, in turn, mood. A sedentary lifestyle and poor sleep habits are also common, both of which are independently known to heighten anxiety levels. Anxiety itself can lead to emotional eating and physical inactivity, creating a self-perpetuating cycle.
While obesity cannot be identified as the sole cause of anxiety, it is undeniably a significant risk factor. Understanding the intricate, bidirectional relationship between the two is crucial for effective treatment. A holistic approach that considers both physical and mental health is essential.
This means going beyond weight control through a healthy diet and exercise. Mental health support must also be prioritised. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), in particular, is valuable as it helps individuals reframe negative thought patterns, improve body image, and develop coping strategies for managing anxiety. Stress-reduction techniques like mindfulness and meditation can also offer substantial benefits.
Ultimately, recognising and addressing the complex relationship between obesity and anxiety allows us to approach health with greater empathy and a more comprehensive perspective—one that truly integrates both body and mind.